金属リサイクルでリードしているのはスイスです。スイスは現在の日本と同じく天然資源に乏しい国です。
しかし、スイスは国内の電子廃棄物を再利用することによって、これを補っています。
実に2018年時点で電子廃棄物のリサイクル率は95%に達しています。
どのようにしてこれほどまでに大きな成功をおさめることができているのでしょうか。まず、スイスでは1998年初頭に「電気・電子機器の返却・引き取り・処分に関する政令電気・電子機器の返却・引き取り・処分に関する政令スイスにおいて実施されているリサイクルに関する法律。家庭や職場での家電製品等の返却義務や製造業者の受け入れ義務などが定められている。
(legislation on the Return, Take-Back and Disposal of Electrical
and Electronic Equipment, ORDEE)」が制定されました。
これにより、スイス国内の小売業者、メーカー、輸入業者は、通常、取り扱っている電化製品を無料で引き取ることが義務付けられています。
一方、消費者にも使用済みの家電製品を返却する義務があり、他のゴミと一緒に出すことはできません。スイスの会社が無料で廃電子機器を回収できるのは、消費者が購入する際にその製品の種類に応じてすでに前払いの廃棄料金が含まれているからです。
消費者側からすれば「せっかく買うときに廃棄代払ってるんだから無料で回収してもらうか」という気になるわけです。
他にも多くの要因がありますが、このようにしてスイスは強力な電子廃棄物管理システムを確立しているのです。
There are many efforts being made to solve the problem of resources.
Many people are trying to create a better world.
Measures in Many Countries
What measures are being taken by governments around the world,
including Japan? We found out that there are different ways to
recycle, and many unique measures are practiced.
The following are the six countries we are going to introduce!
Japan
Japan's main law on small home appliance recycling is the
the Act on Promotion of Recycling of Small Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipmentthe Act on Promotion of Recycling of Small Waste Electrical
and Electronic EquipmentA law on recycling of small home appliances in Japan.
Unlike the Home Appliance Recycling Law and other laws, it
is not that you have to follow it. It was promulgated on
August 10, 2021 and became effective on April 1, 2013.
, which came into effect on April 1, 2013. Local governments set their
own recycling items, methods, and fees, and collect e-waste. They
collect it using
recycling boxrecycling boxBoxes set up at supermarkets, schools, etc. to collect used
small appliances. Anyone can use them free of charge.
. “Where should I put in my old electronic devices?”
“They won't be recycled if I throw them away with other
garbage, right?” You may be thinking like this. You can recycle
your devices by putting them in recycling boxes.
Process from recycling box to recycling Data Source : より引用
Recycling boxes can be found at supermarkets, stores that sell home
appliances, schools, and so on.
If you do not know much about collection boxes, try searching to
search the Internet for a recycling box near you. You will be amazed
by the number of them(*Keep in mind that local governments may
collect different kinds of items for recycling). As you can see from
the illustration above, collected small home appliances are
disassembled, crushed, and separated into different resources by
recycling companies, and then the metals are extracted by metal
refiners, which are then transported to manufacturers as new
resources. Some of these recycling companies are
certified companiescertified companiesA company which is approved by the government to recycle
properly.
and carry the mark shown below. Currently, there are 58 certified
companies (August 6, 2021), all of which are listed on the
Ministry of the Environment's website.
Although the amount of e-waste collected each year has been steadily
increasing, the goal of recycling 140,000 tons per year has not yet
been achieved. Only 15 percent of all electronic equipment was
recycled in 2017. Japan has a better system for recycling in the right
way compared to other countries, so you should be able to recycle more
household appliances by taking advantage of it.
Switzerland
Switzerland is a country where many things are recycled.Like Japan, Switzerland is a country that is poor in natural
resources. However, Switzerland makes up for this by reusing the
metals in recycled e-waste. In fact,
95 percent of e-waste was recycled
in 2018. How did they succeed?Switzerland made a law called
Return, Take-Back and Disposal of Electrical and Electronic
EquipmentReturn, Take-Back and Disposal of Electrical and Electronic
EquipmentA recycling law, which is enforced in Switzerland and
stipulates the obligation to return home appliances at
home and at work, and of manufacturers to accept
them.
(ORDEE), in early 1998. This means that retailers, manufacturers and
importers in Switzerland must take back the electrical equipment
they have sold, free of charge. Also,
consumers must return used electrical appliances
and must not throw them away with other waste.The reason why Swiss companies are able to collect e-waste for free
is that
consumers have already paid the disposal fees when they bought
the products. Consumers are more willing to recycle because of that. There are
many other factors, but this is how Switzerland has established its
e-waste recycling system.
China
China gets more e-waste than any other country every year. In 2019,
China alone generated more than 10 million tons of e-waste, and the
number is expected to increase. Let's take a look at the use of
urban mining in China. In China, the first place where old electronic
devices are brought in is called a “YardYardThe place where items to be recycled are first brought in
in China. Many of these items are taken out for reuse, which
reduces the actual amount of materials that are
recycled.
”.
However,
not everything that is brought in here is recycled. Many of them are
reusedreusedReusing original parts and other materials. Unlike
recycling, it uses as much as possible.
instead of recycled. In China, there is usually someone who needs
discarded devices. These people can freely take the devices before
they are recycled. This means that only a small part of e-waste
needs to be recycled. Many Chinese people think that they should
find their resources by themselves. On the other hand, Japanese
people think differently. They do not want to waste resources as
much as possible and recycle thinking that someone else will use
them. Japan could learn a lot from their way of thinking.
France
One way to reduce the amount of illegally dumped e-waste is to
reduce the amount of e-waste itself.
In Europe, especially in France, there is a trend that is gaining
attention. It is that
repairers help consumers to repair their devices online. What do you do when your smartphone is not working? Many people
will hesitate to have it repaired or buy a new one, because it costs a
lot of money and they cannot use it until it arrives. However, with
this service, the cost can be reduced to one-third of the original
cost. In addition, once the repair is done, you can use your device
immediately, and what is more, the amount of e-waste will be reduced.
It must be guaranteed that consumers can repair their equipment by
themselves. If the structure of a device is so complicated that it can only be
repaired with special tools, consumers will not be able to repair it
at home. Therefore, companies are supposed to make products that
consumers can easily repair. In fact, in France, companies need to
show
how easy it is to repairhow easy it is to repairA ten-level index which indicates how easy a product is to
repair. In France, it is required to be labeled.
(Indice de réparabilité), and more and more companies are making
repair manuals. France and other countries around the world are
working hard to enable people to use their favorite items for a longer
time.
Australia
Australia is a large country with abundant natural resources, and it
has not imported many metal resources. As a result,
the recycling rate is not very high,
and a great deal of e-waste is buried or exported to other countries.
In 2009, Australia announced a national waste policy to call on all
governments, companies, and industries to reduce the amount of
e-waste. However, the goals set in the policy have
become unrealistic recently, because
both its population and the amount of waste is rapidly increasing. In
addition, since China and other Asian countries are importing less
waste, more e-waste needs to be disposed of in Australia. Hence
Australia needed to reform its policies quickly. In August 2019,
Australia decided
not to export recyclable waste overseas anymore, and also adopted the Swiss system and advanced technologies for
separation, recycling and disposal of e-waste from countries such as
Japan. In this way, even countries which are rich in natural resources
have to address resource problems now.
America
In the U.S., a recycling method called "single streamsingle streamA recycling method in which recyclable rubbish is recovered
and then sorted. Consumers do not have to sort out their
garbage, and the cost of it is low. It is widely adopted in
the United States and other countries.
" is popular.
In this method, recyclable waste is collected in bulk, and later it
is separated using magnets and sensors. With this method,
people do not have to classify their garbage into different types
and throw them away. This is completely different from Japan, where consumers usually
do it. This "single stream" method has both advantages and
disadvantages compared to the Japanese one. The advantage is that
more people recycle e-waste. This is
probably because they do not have to classify their e-waste. Another
benefit is that the cost of collecting e-waste is reduced. This is
because fewer trucks are needed to gather it, which means less labor
cost and less fuel cost. On the other hand, the disadvantage is that
the amount of garbage dumped in landfills has increased. In "single-stream," recycling is not as efficient as it
could be because much of the e-waste collected is too contaminated
to be recycled. In addition China has been importing less and less
waste in recent years, so more and more garbage is buried in the US.
The U.S. is currently trying to make advanced machines to classify
e-waste into some types.
As mentioned in the "Present Situation" section, there are many countries that are not recycling much
waste. Therefore, it is important for countries that have good
recycling systems to help such countries in order to increase the
amount of e-waste that is recycled. In fact, Switzerland is working
with countries such as Ghana, which has been used as a landfill of
e-waste, to establish a recycling system.
Work by Companies
There are many companies that are involved in recycling.
In Japan, the
certified companiescertified companiesA company which is approved by the government to recycle
properly.
we mentioned earlier turn our electronic devices into resources in
the right way. These companies collect about 30% of all small
household appliances collected in Japan. (The rest is mainly
collected by local governments.) When you recycle, substances that
can damage the environment are released, and these companies
properly dispose of the substances.There are certified companies that offer various suggestions to
companies that are thinking of recycling by themselves. One of these
companies, Rever Holdings Corporation, is expanding its business
overseas by working with Hidaka Yoko Enterprise, which operates a
metal recycling business in Thailand. In this way,
Japanese certified companies are also active overseas. Of course, there are many companies overseas that are focusing on
recycling metal. Waste Management in the U.S., Umicore in Belgium,
and Veolia in France are some of the most famous companies. The
major difference between overseas recycling companies and those in
Japan is that
the collection, intermediate processing, and final processing of
e-waste is often done by a single company. Therefore, recycling companies tend to be larger than those in
Japan.
table 4.1 Sales of Companies in Japan and Overseas
Company
Earnings
Company
Earnings
REVER
249億1000万円
umicore(ベルギー)
€32億(4136億6000万)
DOWA
588億300万円
veolia(フランス)
€260億(3兆3612億)
Daiei
784億9100万円
waste management(US)
$1521億8000万(1兆6677億)
IBOKIN
201億3000万円
Sims Metal Management(Aus)
$4908.5 million(3964億)
※ the unit in () is yen
In the table above (table 4.1), you can see that foreign companies are
larger than Japanese companies.
These companies can take advantage of this to recycle more
efficiently.
They are able to process a large amount of e-waste at once, which
makes recycling more efficient than if they process it little by
little. Also, when e-waste is recycled by many companies, recycling is
not done smoothly because each company tries to make a profit.
However, this is not the case when the entire process is done by one
company. Recycling is done more efficiently because “overall
profit" is pursued rather than "individual profit".
スカンジウムおじさんMr.Scandium
There are some illegal groups that pretend to be certified
companies and collect e-waste. Be careful not to give your
electronic devices to these groups.
There are also companies that focus on recycling while doing other
businesses. In Japan, Yamato Home Convenience Co., Ltd. offers Kuroneko Small
Home Appliance Recycling Service in cooperation with Rever Holdings
Co. and Daiei Kankyo Co.,Ltd. They collect small household
appliances when they visit your house for other services, transport
them to the nearest base, and give them to recycling companies. In
this way, there are many companies that are not originally involved
in recycling, but are helping to recycle more e-waste. Such
companies exist in foreign countries as well. One of the most famous
is Apple. Apple not only sells electronic devices, but also collects
and recycles them.
When you buy a new device from Apple, if you recycle your old
one, Apple will lower the price of the device depending on the
model and condition of the recycled device.
This way, consumers are more likely to continue to buy Apple's
products and recycle e-waste. The recycled devices will be
disassembled by a machine that can process as many as 200 phones per
hour. The more companies start to recycle e-waste, the more of it
will be recycled and the more seriously you will come to think about
metal recycling.
Tokyo 2020 Medals Project
Did you enjoy the exciting Tokyo Olympic Games?
Many people must have been moved to see athletes trying hard in the
games that were held during the pandemic. Actually,
the Tokyo Olympics were deeply related to urban mining!
There was a project called “Tokyo 2020 Medals ProjectTokyo 2020 Medals ProjectA project to make gold, silver and bronze medals for the
Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games from urban mines.
Approximately 5,000 medals have been made from urban mines
through this project.
." The project was aimed at encouraging people to recycle their
small household appliances and making medals for the Tokyo Olympic
and Paralympic Games using the gold, silver, and copper in them. You
can say for sure that it is urban mining. Many events were held to
complete the project, and urban mining has become more familiar to
people. Eventually,
32 kilograms of gold, 3500 kilograms of silver, 2200 kilograms of
copper were collected from household appliances and they succeeded
in making about 5000 medals needed for the Olympic and Paralympic
Games. Thus our e-waste became a lifetime treasure for many athletes.
This project changed its name to “After Medals ProjectAfter Medals ProjectThis project was taken over the Minna no Medals Project,
which came to an end on March 31, 2019. The project calls
for the widespread use of urban mining and promotes its
recovery.
" and is calling on people to recycle their e-waste.
リチウムくんLittle Lithium
The torches used in the Tokyo Olympic torch relay were partly
made of aluminum used in old temporary housing. Did you know
that?
Summary Chart
Many countries around the world are trying to get more resources by
recycling e-waste, and each of the measures has its own character.
Keep it up, Japan! Keep it up, many other countries!