Urban mining makes a lot of profit, but there are still many
obstacles.
Low Collection Rate
If you read
“Present Situation” and
“Urban Mining”;, you should
understand how important urban mining is.
However,
collecting on the idea of urban mining is not so active
in Japan. In fact, Japan set a goal to collect 140 thousand tons of
small home appliances by 2018, but they could not achieve. (Fig.
3.1)
Fig. 3.1 How much home appliances were collected in a year? Data Source : 環境省より引用
One of the reasons for this is
lack of name recognition. In
our survey at school,
35.2% of the students answered that they knew "a lot" or
"a little" about urban mines. We realized that urban mining
is still not widely known. It is hard to deny that this is due to the
lack of promotion by the government and municipalities. They need to
spread the word urban mining through various media and events. Some
people do not recycle their old cell phones because they are worried
about
their personal information being leaked
or they want to
keep their photos as memories.
However, they do not have to worry about leaking personal information,
as strict measures are taken in the collection process. You can also
preserve your memories by transferring the data to your current PC or
other devices, or by storing them in your cloud. For these reasons,
you should actively recycle e-waste left in your house.
プラチナルシストPlatinarcissist
Your memories in your mind will never be lost.
Japan, which has imported many metals from overseas, has abundant
metal resourcesmetal resourcesA kind of mineral resource. It is further classified into
minor metals and major metals.
. Antimony, in particular, accounts for about 20% of the world's
reserves, and gold for more than 10%, which is too much to ignore as
potential resources. However,
not all of these resources can be recycled. Of these resources, those that are managed and stored properly can
be recycled, but those that are not, such as those that have been
buried in landfills, are difficult to recycle and are not recycled
very often. And these resources that are difficult to recycle account
for most of the resources in Japan. In short, in its current state,
Japan can only recover a part of the domestic resources
however hard it tries. How to reduce the amount of resources that are
not managed and are difficult to recycle is going to be an issue in
the future.
Cost Problem
Suppose you have successfully overcome the "low collection
rate" problem and get a lot of used appliances. You would like to
say, "Let's recycle!" but actually recycling itself has
its own problems. In order to recycle used home appliances and turn them into
resources,
various processes such as manual dismantling, crushing, and
sorting must be done. In particular, manual dismantling involves taking out the base,
and also
requires a lot of labor because many
different types of cell phones are brought for recycling. Some
people have talked about introducing machines to the manual
disassembly process, but since there are many different types of
cell phones and they are often designed to be difficult to
disassemble to protect information, manual labor is necessary. In
some cases, the e-waste is sent directly to a refinery without
manual dismantling, but this increases the cost of processing. In
addition, a lot of energy is consumed in crushing and sorting, which
makes recycling very expensive. On the other hand, used home
appliances include many kinds of metals, but
each of them is a very small volume.
As a result, considering the price of metals extracted from used
home appliances and the cost of recycling, it is difficult to make a
profit from recycling, and the number of companies engaging in urban
mining is not increasing rapidly. In order to spread the use of
urban mines, this "cost problem" has to be solved.
Risk of Recycling
In the idea of urban mining,
minor metalsminor metalsElements that satisfy the following conditions: 1.
relatively low abundance in the earth's crust, 2.
technically difficult to extract as a single element, and
3. unevenly distributed in resource-producing
countries.
and
base metalsbase metalsA metal which is easily refined and exists a lot, such as
iron, copper, zinc, and aluminum. Also known as major
metal.
included in waste electronic equipment are regarded as resources.
However, waste electronics are not only made of minor metals and base
metals.
In fact,
the majority of the components of waste electronics are made up
of plastic. (Fig. 3.2)
Fig. 3.2 What is a cell phone made of? Data Source : より引用
This plastic causes a big problem in recycling. The global average
recycling rate of plastic is low at 9%, and most of it is disposed of
as waste or
thermal recyclingthermal recyclingA method of recovering the fuel generated by burning waste
plastic as energy. However, it is not included in material
recycling.
. It costs a lot of money to process them as waste, and thermal
recycling is not recommended due to concerns about the emission of
exhaust gas and carcinogens. In other words,
recycling produces far more waste than useful metals, and also
fails to properly use it. In addition,
recycling may generate hazardous substances. This is caused by harmful substances in e-waste (For example,
mercury paste, which is harmful to the human body, was used to bond
the CPU cooling plates of early PCs). These toxic substances are
polluting the environment as well as disposal sites in developing
countries. You need to develop technologies to make toxic substances
stable.
Low Grade
Some of you may be thinking, "What is
gradegradeA measure of the content of a mineral or metal in
ore.
in the first place?" The grade means the amount of useful
elements contained in ore. You can think of it as the same thing as
the word "content." The higher the grade, the more useful
metals can be taken out from the same amount of ore. And this grade is
the major problem that urban mining faces when it comes to recycling.
This is because
the grade is lower than that of natural mines, so it loses in
competition with natural mines. Some people may think, "Isn't it rather high grade to
have all kinds of metals jammed into a phone or computer?" The
idea is right. It is certainly true that
the grade of each product is higher than that of a natural
mine. However, one of the major differences between urban mines and
natural mines is that natural mines are gathered in one place, while
urban mines have their products scattered around each household.
This is why the grade of each product is high, but
the grade of the products as a whole is low. Increasing the collection rate is a problem that must be solved,
not only in order to increase the amount of waste for recycling, but
also in order to be able to compete in the market with natural
mines. The key to solving this low grade is how to ease the
distribution.
Summary Chart
Urban mining involves a lot of issues…. You can understand that it is
not easy to make progress.