It is true that there still remain some problems to be solved although
many people are working hard to improve the present situation.
We would like everyone to know how important and useful urban mining
is. Here is our solution.
Get More E-waste
make recycling e-waste compulsory
リチウムくんLittle Lithium
How about adding the cost needed to recycle small household
appliances to their prices, and making it compulsory that
consumers recycle what they bought? This idea is used in
Switzerland.
This idea may seem good, but has some problems and bad points. An
Associate Professor Daigo said in an interview with us,
Making recycling e-waste compulsory is probably possible, but no
companies can make a great profit by recycling it. If you want
people to do something, you have to give them something back in
return for their cooperation. So, you have to consider who bears the
recycling cost. The Japanese government is a good choice, but I
think there are some problems with that.
スカンジウムおじさんMr.Scandium
It is difficult to find a solution to this problem, but let’s
think about it by ourselves.
At first, we were thinking about
having people compulsorily recycle their old smartphones. However, people cannot get anything by recycling, which Daigo said
could get people less motivated. Consumers have to cover the recycling
cost even though they can gain nothing. If such a situation continues,
it is highly likely that
people will come to throw away things illegally. There are bound to be some people who think, “Really? I have to pay
some money to throw away my TV!? Come on. I’ll dump it in the
mountains so that nobody will find it." Others may give their
household appliances to groups which drive around their towns to get
them for free. Such groups often collect only valuable parts of things
they got, and dump the rest of them in the mountains. When household
appliances are not properly discarded, resources they have will not be
recycled and
harmful substances in them such as CFC gas will damage the
environment.
マリー・ゴールドMary Gold
I never thought such a thing would happen. In that case,
consumers should pay some money not when they throw away things
but when they buy them. This idea is working well in Switzerland
as we saw in ‘Measures.’
In Switzerland, it is necessary that consumers recycle various things.
They can recycle free of charge because they paid some money when they
bought things. So, it is expected that more people recycle what they
have properly, not discard them illegally. This system is based on the
idea that
producers, rather than consumers, should take responsibility for
recycling. It is called Extended Producer Responsibility(EPR). Actually, in
Japan, such a system is used in
the Act on the Promotion of Effective Utilization of
Resourcesthe Act on the Promotion of Effective Utilization of
ResourcesA recycling law on cars and computers. It uses a prepaid
system.
. On the other hand, it was not used in
the Act on Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliancesthe Act on Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home
AppliancesThe law covering four home appliances: air conditioners,
televisions (CRT, LCD, and plasma), refrigerators/freezers,
and washing machines/clothes dryers. A deferred payment
system has been adopted. By collecting these home
appliances, it aims not only to promote recycling but also
to reduce the amount of waste.
. One reason is that it is difficult for producers to predict how much
money will be necessary to recycle the things they sell. Another is
that it is next to impossible for them to get money from customers who
have already bought products from them.
プラチナルシストPlatinarcissist
Well, if predicting future cost is difficult, producers can use
the money consumers paid recently to recycle products that other
consumers discarded just now.
This method is like the pension system in Japan.
You raise as much money as you need at the moment. Then there should be no bad points as we mentioned. However, the
system still has a problem which the pension system also does. It is
that
those who cover the recycling cost are not those who the money is
used for. When you buy a household appliance, you will bear the recycling
cost of other people’s appliances, not of yours. It is highly likely
that recycling a product you buy requires more money now than in the
future.
リチウムくんLittle Lithium
Some people may angrily think, ‘I paid 2000 yen to recycle old
phones when I bought mine two years ago, but now it requires only
1500 yen to recycle them because technology has advanced. Give me
back my 500 yen!!’
Even so, the system has a very good point. Producers have to add
recycling costs to the prices of their products, so they will try to
cut down the recycling costs in order to lower the final prices. Their
products will be designed not to cost so much when producers recycle
them in the future. In other words,
more and more products will be easier to recycle. This is essential to establishing a
circular economycircular economyA society in which the purpose of recycling is not only to
avoid burdening the environment, but also to serve as a
trigger for economic development.
, so this can be thought as the best thing about this system. There
are various ways to make recycling e-waste compulsory, and
each of them has both good points and bad points.
スカンジウムおじさんMr.Scandium
Considering those bad points, we should not force consumers to
recycle e-waste. We can just keep asking them to do it.
リチウムくんLittle Lithium
We should make recycling compulsory. How about making a new law
like the Act on Recycling of Specified Kind of Home Appliances so
that we can get more e-waste?.
プラチナルシストPlatinarcissist
I don’t think many people will recycle small things such as
smartphones since they take up little space in their house.
マリー・ゴールドMary Gold
In that case, consumers should pay some money when they buy their
phones.
リチウムくんLittle Lithium
I don’t want to pay more money than necessary for recycling when
I buy products.
Our elements are thinking this way. What do you think of the problem?
We think everyone has a different solution. We do not know what system
will be used in the future, but it is important that
each of us consider and have our own opinion on the problem.
encourage people to recycle
イットリウム博士Dr.Y
How about making recycling more appealing?
You can give a reward to those who recycled. Then you can get more
e-waste without having to make recycling compulsory.
プラチナルシストPlatinarcissist
What can we give to these people?
マリー・ゴールドMary Gold
Money?
If recycling companies give money as a reward, more people may recycle
e-waste but many of these companies will not be able to make a profit
anymore.
マリー・ゴールドMary Gold
...That’s true. It doesn’t make sense that recycling companies
have to give the money. Who is responsible for recycling e-waste
after all?
リチウムくんLittle Lithium
Everyone? We all don’t want resources to run out, right?
プラチナルシストPlatinarcissist
How about imposing a new tax and using the money raised?
リチウムくんLittle Lithium
I don’t want to pay more taxes…
Many people feel the same way as Lithium, and we do not think it is a
very good idea. So, we thought about
why many people are not willing to recycle
in the first place. Then we found out that
many people feel they can do little for urban mining
as seen in
the result of our survey.
We also found that
people could not know how the resources in their e-waste would be
used after they recycle it. We have to admit this. When we put a phone in a
recycling boxrecycling boxBoxes set up at supermarkets, schools, etc. to collect used
small appliances. Anyone can use them free of charge.
, we felt that we did something good for society, but had no idea how
the resource would be used. So
you could not tell whether you really helped companies to produce
more products. Currently, recycling is a charity. It is done with no purpose.
リチウムくんLittle Lithium
Many people recycled small household appliances for the
Tokyo 2020 Medals ProjectTokyo 2020 Medals ProjectA project to make gold, silver and bronze medals for
the Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games from urban
mines. Approximately 5,000 medals have been made from
urban mines through this project.
.
マリー・ゴールドMary Gold
I think that is because they knew the metal in their phones and
computers would be used to make them.
リチウムくんLittle Lithium
It is really amazing that Olympic medals can be made from our
phones.
More people will recycle e-waste if people know what will be made from
it. We came up with the idea of giving back a part of
metal resourcesmetal resourcesA kind of mineral resource. It is further classified into
minor metals and major metals.
in e-waste to those who recycled it. If people recycle their phones,
they will be given a part of
minor metalsminor metalsElements that satisfy the following conditions: 1.
relatively low abundance in the earth's crust, 2.
technically difficult to extract as a single element, and
3. unevenly distributed in resource-producing
countries.
and
major metalsmajor metalsA metal which is easily refined and exists a lot, such as
iron, copper, zinc, and aluminum. Also known as base
metal.
in them. Then many people will feel that their phones are used to make
something else. However, the idea has many problems: A smartphone has
very little metal resources, and personal information of those who
recycled phones must be securely stored and managed. For all its
faults, it is important to
let people know how their e-waste is used.
improve the image of recycling
To see the title above, you may wonder if people do not think of
recycling as a good thing. In Japan,
people regard recycling as a thing that is good for the
environment. However, many years ago, recycling was done by people with low
social status. People continued to think that it is only a job dealing
with garbage, though it is now considered to be a way to address
environmental issues. In Europe,
people are trying to make a “circular economycircular economyA society in which the purpose of recycling is not only
to avoid burdening the environment, but also to serve as a
trigger for economic development.
."
I’m sure you know what a “circular economy" means. In a circular
economy, you try not to damage the environment, while in a society
with a circular economy, you try to not only protect the environment
but also develop the economy.
Recycling is thought of as a kind of economic activity and an
important thing for the development of economies. People in Japan and in Europe have different ideas on recycling.
Japanese people tend to think that what is done to deal with
environmental problems prevent the economy from developing. More
e-waste will be recycled in Japan if they appreciate a circular
economy and try to make it.
イットリウム博士Dr.Y
In order to make a circular economy, you can also design products
to be used for a longer time.
Recycle Using Machines
In “Problems," we showed that recycling
requires a large sum of money.
This is largely because some people are hired to do jobs which are
difficult for machines. If
you can have machines do these jobs,
recycling will cost much less.
スカンジウムおじさんMr.Scandium
Speaking of which, Apple, which we mentioned in “Measures," recycles its phones with only machines.
We told you that Apple has machines which can recycle up to 200
smartphones in an hour. When we were thinking about such a way of
recycling, we came up with another idea:
make sure that each kind of small household appliances share the
same structure. If you make a global standard and producers around the world follow
it, recycling will be far easier for machines.
マリー・ゴールドMary Gold
I’m afraid all producers will be forced to make similar
items.
You can just ask them to gather components which use minor metals in
a certain part of their products. This idea may be effective but involves many companies around the
world, and it should be considered that items which have already been
produced must also be recycled.
We thought about using hydrogen to recycle e-waste. You can get energy
by burning hydrogen with oxygen. Since no carbon dioxide is made in
the process, hydrogen is said to be an environmentally-friendly fuel,
provided it is created with no carbon dioxide discharged. However, it
was only recently that you started to use hydrogen to get energy, so
you cannot be certain whether it is safe to use it for recycling. Even
so, more people may become more willing to recycle their e-waste if
they know
it is recycled in a way that does not damage the environment.
Reduce the Amount of Plastic and Harmful Substances
When you recycle something, you get not only useful things such as
metal but also things you do not need including plastic waste and
harmful substances. What can we do to reduce the amount of such
things?
リチウムくんLittle Lithium
Companies can make products which have less plastic or dangerous
compounds.
In fact, various measures have been taken to reduce them. For example,
in “on the reduction of the impact of certain plastic products on the
environment," which the EU published in 2019, producers are
required not to sell straws, cotton bud sticks, food and beverage
containers made of expanded polystyrene, fishing gears containing
plastic, and so on. Another example is
RoHS, which has restricted the use of ten hazardous materials in
electrical and electronic equipment
since July 1, 2006. Have you ever seen this CE mark? This label
indicates the item met RoHS requirements.
download from C.E.
One problem with RoHS is that it is only applied to companies in the
member states of the EU, not producers around the world. Some
countries make their own laws similar to RoHS, but
they vary from one country to another.
For example, in Japan, producers can sell items which have too large
amounts of harmful substances and do not meet the RoHS requirements.
(although they have to follow the requirements if they are going to
sell them in the member countries of the EU). So companies may start
to sell things in Japan which cannot be sold in European countries. It
is necessary that all countries share the same requirements. We
propose that
we make rules to be followed by producers around the world which
restrict the use of plastic and harmful substances
in order to reduce them.
マリー・ゴールドMary Gold
There are lots of metal resources in Antarctica and under the
bottom of the sea. However, these areas are not being mined for
them because it costs too much and can cause conflicts among some
countries to mine the places.
Summary
We suggest six solutions below.
make recycling compulsory after considering its good points and bad
points
give back metal resources to those who recycled
improve the image of recycling
make sure that each kind of small household appliances share the
same structure
get energy used to recycle e-waste by burning hydrogen with oxygen
make rules to be followed by producers around the world which
restrict the use of plastic and harmful substances.