On September 12, 2021, we had a Zoom interview with Ichiro Daigo,
associate professor at the Research Center for Advanced Science and
Technology, University of Tokyo.
The interview was conducted using Google Slides. The Google slides can
be viewed
here.
Profile
Mr. Ichiro Daigo has been an Associate Professor at Research Center
for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Tokyo since April
2021. His research focuses on the material flow and stock, and he is a
leading expert on urban mining.
Interview
It is said that even though cell phones contain
precious metalsprecious metalsGold (Au), silver (Ag), platinum (Pt), palladium (Pd),
rhodium (Rh), iridium (Ir), ruthenium (Ru), osmium (Os),
and rhenium (Re).
and
minor metalsminor metalsElements that satisfy the following conditions: 1.
relatively low abundance in the earth's crust, 2.
technically difficult to extract as a single element, and
3. unevenly distributed in resource-producing
countries.
, the total weight of the phone, including copper, is only about 10%
of the total weight, and most of the rest is waste such as plastic.
Is it possible to recycle such plastic as resources in the recycling
of small home appliances?
I think it is difficult. One of the major reasons for this is that
the cost of plastic alone is not worth the cost of recycling
plastic. The metals contained in cell phones can be recovered by
refiningrefiningTo remove impurities from crude metals in order to
increase their purity.
copper in them, while the plastics require human labor to separate
them. However, the value of the plastic extracted in this way is not
high. Therefore, in copper refining, plastics are steamed and
carbonized. From the above, it is not that plastics cannot be
recycled, but they are not being recycled for economic reasons.
Why is the recycling rate of large products (cars, refrigerators,
televisions, etc.) so high in Japan, while that of small products
(cell phones, etc.) is so low? We suspect that the difference in the
number of years “the Act on Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home
Appliancesthe Act on Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home
AppliancesThe law covering four home appliances: air conditioners,
televisions (CRT, LCD, and plasma),
refrigerators/freezers, and washing machines/clothes
dryers. A deferred payment system has been adopted. By
collecting these home appliances, it aims not only to
promote recycling but also to reduce the amount of
waste.
” and “the Act on Promotion of Recycling of Small Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipmentthe Act on Promotion of Recycling of Small Waste Electrical
and Electronic EquipmentA law on recycling of small home appliances in Japan.
Unlike the Home Appliance Recycling Law and other laws, it
is not that you have to follow it. It was promulgated on
August 10, 2021 and became effective on April 1,
2013.
” have been in effect and the strength of their enforcement is
related.
I think that is one of the reasons. For large home appliances and
automobiles, there is “the Act on Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home
Appliancesthe Act on Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home
AppliancesThe law covering four home appliances: air conditioners,
televisions (CRT, LCD, and plasma),
refrigerators/freezers, and washing machines/clothes
dryers. A deferred payment system has been adopted. By
collecting these home appliances, it aims not only to
promote recycling but also to reduce the amount of
waste.
” and the "Act on Recycling, etc, of End-of-Life Vehicles", and
they must be disposed of in compliance with these laws. In
particular, "Act on Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances"
has a longer history than "Act on Promotion of Recycling of Small
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment," and it forces us to
recycle. On the other hand, recycling is not compulsory under the
"Act on Promotion of Recycling of Small Waste Electrical and
Electronic Equipment." This difference results from the difference
between the two streams in promoting metal recycling. One is to
enforce recycling and promote intensive collection through a single
route, and the other is to increase the flexibility of recycling and
make it efficient. One of the reasons why Act on Recycling of
Specified Kinds of Home Appliances came into effect was that illegal
disposal had been prominent in the past. In order to curb such
illegal dumping and processing and to promote proper processing,
compulsory measures have been applied to large products. On the
contrary, for small products such as cell phones, the flexibility of
recycling is prioritized and a wide range of recycling is being
carried out, including the “Tokyo 2020 Medals ProjectTokyo 2020 Medals ProjectA project to make gold, silver and bronze medals for the
Tokyo 2020 Olympic and Paralympic Games from urban mines.
Approximately 5,000 medals have been made from urban mines
through this project.
”. Therefore, it can be said that the difference between the
number of years the recycling law has been in effect and its
enforcement is related to the recycling rate. There are still other
reasons for cell phones. One of them is that many people keep their
cell phones to use as alarm clocks or storage equipment. I think
that is the uniqueness of cell phones, isn't it? I also think that
one of the reasons for the low recycling rate is that small home
appliances are less inconvenient to leave in their houses than cars
and refrigerators.
Is it possible to create a law in Japan that requires consumers and
companies to recycle?
It is possible, but very difficult. The fact that recycling must be
compulsory also means that there is no benefit in terms of cost
because everyone will do what is profitable, even if it is not a
duty. In other words, we need to provide carrots along with the
sticks of obligation. So who is going to pay for the carrots, that
is the money? It would be nice if it could be paid from the national
budget, but even if it is, we do not know if it can really be
provided to where recycling cost is spent. If the government pays
more than it is costing, they will continue to lose money. I do not
think it is easy to design a system to resolve such problems.
What are the reasons for the success of “Tokyo 2020 Medals Project"
at the Tokyo Olympics and Paralympics 2020?
Tokyo 2020 Medals Project has a big advantage over simply asking
people to recycle. It is that people who serve their used cellphones
for recycling knew that the phones would become medals for Olympic
athletes. On the other hand, in conventional recycling, we know that
what we put in the collection box will be recycled, but we do not
know what it will be recycled into. I think that is why Tokyo 2020
Medals Project was so successful.
What are the features of Japan in metal recycling?
In Japan, copper, lead, zinc, and iron can be refined. Not many
countries can provide such a large number of different types of
refining. Of these, copper, lead and zinc refining collects valuable
metals from residue including fly ash. By doing this, it is possible
to collect almost all of the valuable metals in products, and for
example in countries that can only refine copper substances that
must be managed as hazardous substances can be recycled as valuable
metals in Japan. This is a major advantage of Japan in metal
recycling.
Why is urban mining not discussed as much as global warming and
other issues?
The word "urban mines" was first used in the 1980s, but it only
started to be actually used around 2008, which means that it has
only been in use for more than a decade, and I think this is a major
factor. Also, when you hear the words "urban mines" and "recycling,"
you may think that you are doing something beautiful and good, but
in fact, it is only a part of waste disposal. It is different now,
but in the past, waste management was done by lower class people. In
this point of view, it can be said that waste management was an
activity in a hidden part of society. Today, with the evolution of
recycling, waste processing and recycling are becoming more and more
connected, but I feel there is still a lot of work to be done in the
process of returning metals from products to
primary resourcesprimary resourcesResources that have not yet been dug out of the
ground.
and
secondary resourcessecondary resourcesResources that have already been dug out of the
ground.
. In addition, since global warming is caused by the generation of
CO2 by energy consumption, it can be stopped by consciously
switching to energy conservation, but in the case of resource
starvation, it cannot be consciously prevented. For example, when
you buy a computer, if you want a computer that uses less gold or
silver to save resources, you cannot choose such one. For this
reason, I think that resource depletion and urban mines are less
familiar to us than global warming.
Some people think that resources will not run out in the end because
the
service lifeservice lifeThe number of years until a resource runs out. The value
calculated by dividing the amount of reserves by that of
production.
will continue to increase forever. What do you think about this
idea?
I would like to take up the story of copper as an example. In the
past, minerals with a copper content of 1.0% were used, but now
minerals with a copper content of 1.0% have been exhausted, and even
the highest copper content mineral available in Japan is 0.6%.
According to a recent story I heard, some places are now required to
use minerals with a copper content of 0.3%. From this, I think some
people feel vaguely that we are likely to be approaching resource
depletion. Depletion also refers to a situation where the resource
can no longer be mined because it is not cost-effective to do so, as
some elements, including copper, are showing such situation, so we
do not seem to hear as many people saying "the resource will not
disappear after all" as we did 10 or 20 years ago.
What We Learned
The recycling law exists to control illegal disposal and processing.
The collection rate of cell phones is related to their unique
characteristics.
Resource exhaustion is steadily approaching.
Also, we used many of associate professor Daigo's stories as a guide
in creating this site. Thank you for sharing your valuable story.